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Because an intervention or treatment will not be effective if it is not implemented well, implementation outcomes serve as necessary preconditions for attaining subsequent desired changes in clinical or service outcomes.ĭistinguishing implementation effectiveness from treatment effectiveness is critical for transporting interventions from laboratory settings to community health and mental health venues. And third, they are key intermediate outcomes (Rosen and Proctor 1981) in relation to service system or clinical outcomes in treatment effectiveness and quality of care research. Second, they are proximal indicators of implementation processes. First, they serve as indicators of the implementation success. Implementation outcomes have three important functions. We define implementation outcomes as the effects of deliberate and purposive actions to implement new treatments, practices, and services. This paper advances the concept of “implementation outcomes” distinct from service system outcomes and clinical treatment outcomes (Proctor et al.

( 2006) report that meta-analyses of their effectiveness has been thwarted by lack of detailed information about outcomes, use of widely varying constructs, reliance on dichotomous rather than continuous measures, and unit of analysis errors. While some studies of implementation strategies assess outcomes in terms of improvement in process of care, Grimshaw et al.

Some infer implementation success by measuring clinical outcomes at the client or patient level while other studies measure the actual targets of the implementation, quantifying for example the desired provider behaviors associated with delivering the newly implemented treatment. Studies of implementation use widely varying approaches to measure how well a new mental health treatment, program, or service is implemented.

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A critical yet unresolved issue in the field of implementation science is how to conceptualize and evaluate success.